{"generatedAt":"2026-10-26T20:48:37.415Z","content":"preview","missions":[{"id":"apollo-11","name":{"en":"Apollo 11","de":"Apollo 11"},"tier":"deep-space","detail":"milestone","agencies":["nasa"],"launch":{"date":"1969-07-16T13:32Z","vehicle":"Saturn V (SA-506)","site":"Kennedy Space Center LC-39A"},"end":"1969-07-24T16:50:35Z","status":"ended","outcome":"success","targets":["moon"],"milestone":{"en":"The first crewed landing on the Moon","de":"Die erste bemannte Mondlandung"},"summary":{"en":"Apollo 11 was the first mission to land people on the Moon. On 20 July 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed the lunar module Eagle in the Sea of Tranquillity, while Michael Collins circled overhead in Columbia. All three returned safely to Earth four days later.","de":"Apollo 11 brachte als erste Mission Menschen auf den Mond. Am 20. Juli 1969 landeten Neil Armstrong und Buzz Aldrin mit der Mondlandefähre Eagle im Meer der Ruhe, während Michael Collins in Columbia den Mond umkreiste. Vier Tage später kehrten alle drei sicher zur Erde zurück."},"description":{"en":"Apollo 11 lifted off from Kennedy Space Center on 16 July 1969 on a Saturn V rocket. After one and a half orbits around Earth, the rocket's third stage fired again and sent the spacecraft towards the Moon. On 19 July the command module Columbia, with the lunar module Eagle attached, braked into orbit around the Moon, behind the Moon and out of contact with Earth. The next day Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin undocked in Eagle and landed in the Sea of Tranquillity at 20:17 UTC. Six and a half hours later Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon, saying: \"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Aldrin followed 19 minutes later. Outside for about two and a half hours, they set up experiments, took photographs and collected about 22 kilograms of rock and soil. Michael Collins orbited the Moon alone in Columbia meanwhile. On 21 July the upper part of Eagle lifted off, leaving its lower stage behind, and docked with Columbia. The next day Columbia's engine sent the crew home, and on 24 July they splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, eight days and three hours after launch.","de":"Apollo 11 startete am 16. Juli 1969 mit einer Saturn-V-Rakete vom Kennedy Space Center. Nach anderthalb Erdumrundungen zündete die dritte Raketenstufe erneut und schickte das Raumschiff zum Mond. Am 19. Juli bremste das Kommandomodul Columbia mit der angekoppelten Mondlandefähre Eagle in eine Mondumlaufbahn ein – hinter dem Mond und ohne Funkkontakt zur Erde. Am nächsten Tag koppelten Neil Armstrong und Buzz Aldrin mit Eagle ab und landeten um 20:17 Uhr UTC im Meer der Ruhe. Sechseinhalb Stunden später betrat Armstrong als erster Mensch den Mond. Seine Worte: „That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.\" (Das ist ein kleiner Schritt für einen Menschen, aber ein riesiger Sprung für die Menschheit.) Aldrin folgte 19 Minuten später. Etwa zweieinhalb Stunden lang stellten die beiden Experimente auf, fotografierten und sammelten rund 22 Kilogramm Gestein und Staub. Michael Collins umkreiste derweil allein in Columbia den Mond. Am 21. Juli hob der obere Teil von Eagle ab, ließ die Abstiegsstufe zurück und koppelte an Columbia an. Tags darauf brachte Columbias Triebwerk die Besatzung auf den Heimweg, und am 24. Juli wasserte sie im Pazifik – acht Tage und drei Stunden nach dem Start."},"spacecraft":[{"id":"columbia","type":"crewed","trajectory":{"source":"keyframes","file":"trajectories/columbia.json","coverage":[-11125.935648148148,-11117.797743055555],"quality":"reconstructed"},"name":"Columbia","crew":[{"name":"Neil A. Armstrong","role":{"en":"Commander","de":"Kommandant"}},{"name":"Michael Collins","role":{"en":"Command module pilot","de":"Pilot des Kommandomoduls"}},{"name":"Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin Jr.","role":{"en":"Lunar module pilot","de":"Pilot der Mondlandefähre"}}]},{"id":"eagle","type":"lander","trajectory":{"source":"keyframes","file":"trajectories/eagle.json","coverage":[-11121.760648148149,-11120.600231481481],"quality":"reconstructed"},"name":"Eagle","parent":"columbia","separation":"1969-07-20T17:44Z","landing":{"body":"moon","date":"1969-07-20T20:17:40Z","lat":0.67416,"lon":23.47314,"site":{"en":"Tranquility Base","de":"Tranquility Base"}},"liftoff":"1969-07-21T17:54:01Z","rejoin":"1969-07-21T21:35Z","crew":[{"name":"Neil A. Armstrong","role":{"en":"Commander","de":"Kommandant"}},{"name":"Edwin E. \"Buzz\" Aldrin Jr.","role":{"en":"Lunar module pilot","de":"Pilot der Mondlandefähre"}}]}],"events":[{"date":"1969-07-16T13:32Z","type":"launch","spacecraft":"columbia","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Launch on a Saturn V","de":"Start mit einer Saturn V"}},{"date":"1969-07-16T16:16Z","type":"maneuver","spacecraft":"columbia","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Engine burn towards the Moon","de":"Triebwerkszündung Richtung Mond"}},{"date":"1969-07-19T17:21Z","type":"orbit-insertion","spacecraft":"columbia","body":"moon","title":{"en":"Into orbit around the Moon","de":"Einschwenken in die Mondumlaufbahn"}},{"date":"1969-07-20T17:44Z","type":"separation","spacecraft":"eagle","body":"moon","title":{"en":"Eagle undocks from Columbia","de":"Eagle koppelt von Columbia ab"}},{"date":"1969-07-20T20:17:40Z","type":"landing","spacecraft":"eagle","body":"moon","title":{"en":"Landing in the Sea of Tranquillity","de":"Landung im Meer der Ruhe"}},{"date":"1969-07-21T02:56:15Z","type":"eva","spacecraft":"eagle","body":"moon","title":{"en":"First step on the Moon","de":"Erster Schritt auf dem Mond"}},{"date":"1969-07-21T17:54Z","type":"maneuver","spacecraft":"eagle","body":"moon","title":{"en":"Lift-off from the Moon","de":"Start vom Mond"}},{"date":"1969-07-21T21:35Z","type":"docking","spacecraft":"eagle","body":"moon","title":{"en":"Eagle docks with Columbia","de":"Eagle koppelt an Columbia an"}},{"date":"1969-07-22T04:55Z","type":"maneuver","spacecraft":"columbia","body":"moon","title":{"en":"Engine burn towards Earth","de":"Triebwerkszündung Richtung Erde"}},{"date":"1969-07-24T16:50:35Z","type":"end-of-mission","spacecraft":"columbia","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Splashdown in the Pacific","de":"Wasserung im Pazifik"}}],"media":[],"links":[{"label":{"en":"NASA mission page","de":"NASA-Missionsseite"},"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/mission/apollo-11/"}],"sources":["https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A","https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C","https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/static/apollo50th/pdf/A11_MissionReport.pdf","https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sp-4029.pdf"],"review":{"en":"draft","de":"draft"}},{"id":"cassini-huygens","name":{"en":"Cassini–Huygens","de":"Cassini-Huygens"},"tier":"deep-space","detail":"milestone","agencies":["nasa","esa","asi"],"launch":{"date":"1997-10-15","vehicle":"Titan IVB/Centaur","site":"Cape Canaveral SLC-40"},"end":"2017-09-15","status":"ended","outcome":"success","targets":["venus","earth","jupiter","saturn","titan"],"milestone":{"en":"The first spacecraft to orbit Saturn","de":"Die erste Raumsonde in einer Saturnumlaufbahn"},"summary":{"en":"Cassini was the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn. For 13 years it studied the planet, its rings and its moons, and it found an ocean under the ice of the moon Enceladus. It carried the European probe Huygens, which landed on Titan in 2005.","de":"Cassini war die erste Raumsonde in einer Umlaufbahn um Saturn. 13 Jahre lang erforschte sie den Planeten, seine Ringe und Monde und fand einen Ozean unter dem Eis des Mondes Enceladus. An Bord war die europäische Sonde Huygens, die 2005 auf Titan landete."},"description":{"en":"Cassini–Huygens was a joint mission of NASA, the European Space Agency ESA and the Italian space agency ASI. It was launched on 15 October 1997. To gain enough speed for the long journey, it swung past Venus twice, past Earth and past Jupiter. On 1 July 2004 Cassini entered orbit around Saturn, the first spacecraft ever to do so. On 25 December 2004 it released the European probe Huygens, which descended through Titan's thick atmosphere and landed on Saturn's largest moon on 14 January 2005. Over 13 years Cassini circled Saturn 294 times and flew past Titan again and again. It saw rivers of liquid methane flowing into seas on Titan, and jets of water ice and vapour erupting from the south pole of the moon Enceladus, which hides a liquid ocean under its icy crust. In 2017 its fuel was almost used up. After a series of daring dives between Saturn and its rings, Cassini plunged into Saturn on 15 September 2017, so that it could never contaminate the moons.","de":"Cassini-Huygens war eine gemeinsame Mission der NASA, der Europäischen Weltraumorganisation ESA und der italienischen Raumfahrtagentur ASI. Sie startete am 15. Oktober 1997. Um genug Schwung für die lange Reise zu bekommen, flog sie zweimal an der Venus, einmal an der Erde und an Jupiter vorbei. Am 1. Juli 2004 schwenkte Cassini in eine Umlaufbahn um Saturn ein – als erste Raumsonde überhaupt. Am 25. Dezember 2004 setzte sie die europäische Sonde Huygens aus, die durch Titans dichte Atmosphäre sank und am 14. Januar 2005 auf dem größten Saturnmond landete. In 13 Jahren umkreiste Cassini den Saturn 294-mal und flog immer wieder an Titan vorbei. Sie sah, wie auf Titan Flüsse aus flüssigem Methan in Seen münden, und entdeckte Fontänen aus Wassereis und Dampf am Südpol des Mondes Enceladus, unter dessen Eiskruste ein flüssiger Ozean liegt. 2017 war ihr Treibstoff fast verbraucht. Nach einer Reihe gewagter Flüge zwischen Saturn und seinen Ringen tauchte Cassini am 15. September 2017 in den Saturn ein, damit sie die Monde niemals verunreinigen kann."},"spacecraft":[{"id":"cassini","type":"orbiter","trajectory":{"source":"horizons","file":"trajectories/cassini.json","coverage":[-808.1055555555556,6466.993055555556],"fetchedAt":"2026-10-24","quality":"measured","phase":[1642.5007428703705,6466.993055555556]},"name":"Cassini"},{"id":"huygens","type":"probe","trajectory":{"source":"horizons","file":"trajectories/huygens.json","coverage":[1819.5847222222221,1839.9791666666667],"fetchedAt":"2026-10-24","quality":"predicted","phase":[1819.5007428703705,1839.9791666666667]},"name":"Huygens","parent":"cassini","agency":"esa","separation":"2004-12-25T02:00Z","landing":{"body":"titan","date":"2005-01-14T11:38Z","lat":-10.573,"lon":167.665}}],"events":[{"date":"1997-10-15T08:43Z","type":"launch","spacecraft":"cassini","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Launch from Cape Canaveral","de":"Start in Cape Canaveral"}},{"date":"1998-04-26T13:44Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"cassini","body":"venus","title":{"en":"First swing-by at Venus","de":"Erster Schwung an der Venus"}},{"date":"1999-06-24T20:29Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"cassini","body":"venus","title":{"en":"Second swing-by at Venus","de":"Zweiter Schwung an der Venus"}},{"date":"1999-08-18T03:27Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"cassini","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Swing-by at Earth","de":"Schwung an der Erde"}},{"date":"2000-12-30T10:03Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"cassini","body":"jupiter","title":{"en":"Swing-by at Jupiter","de":"Schwung an Jupiter"}},{"date":"2004-07-01T02:48Z","type":"orbit-insertion","spacecraft":"cassini","body":"saturn","title":{"en":"Saturn orbit insertion","de":"Einschwenken in die Saturnumlaufbahn"}},{"date":"2004-10-26T15:29Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"cassini","body":"titan","title":{"en":"First close flyby of Titan","de":"Erster naher Vorbeiflug an Titan"}},{"date":"2004-12-25T02:00Z","type":"separation","spacecraft":"huygens","title":{"en":"Huygens separates from Cassini","de":"Huygens trennt sich von Cassini"}},{"date":"2005-01-14T11:38Z","type":"landing","spacecraft":"huygens","body":"titan","title":{"en":"Huygens lands on Titan","de":"Huygens landet auf Titan"}},{"date":"2017-04-26T09:00Z","type":"crossing","spacecraft":"cassini","body":"saturn","title":{"en":"Grand Finale: first dive between Saturn and its rings","de":"Großes Finale: erster Flug zwischen Saturn und seinen Ringen"}},{"date":"2017-09-15T10:32Z","type":"end-of-mission","spacecraft":"cassini","body":"saturn","title":{"en":"Cassini plunges into Saturn","de":"Cassini taucht in den Saturn ein"}}],"media":[],"links":[{"label":{"en":"NASA mission page","de":"NASA-Missionsseite"},"url":"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cassini/"},{"label":{"en":"ESA mission page","de":"ESA-Missionsseite"},"url":"https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens"}],"sources":["https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cassini/","https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Cassini-Huygens/Cassini-Huygens_factsheet","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens"],"review":{"en":"draft","de":"draft"}},{"id":"new-horizons","name":{"en":"New Horizons","de":"New Horizons"},"tier":"deep-space","detail":"milestone","agencies":["nasa"],"launch":{"date":"2006-01-19","vehicle":"Atlas V 551","site":"Cape Canaveral SLC-41"},"end":null,"status":"active","outcome":"success","targets":["jupiter","pluto","arrokoth"],"milestone":{"en":"The first spacecraft to visit Pluto","de":"Die erste Raumsonde bei Pluto"},"summary":{"en":"New Horizons was the first spacecraft to visit Pluto, in 2015. It found a giant heart-shaped glacier of frozen nitrogen there. In 2019 it flew past Arrokoth, the most distant object any spacecraft has explored up close.","de":"New Horizons besuchte 2015 als erste Raumsonde den Zwergplaneten Pluto und fand dort einen riesigen herzförmigen Gletscher aus gefrorenem Stickstoff. 2019 flog sie an Arrokoth vorbei, dem fernsten Objekt, das je eine Raumsonde aus der Nähe erkundet hat."},"description":{"en":"New Horizons was launched on 19 January 2006 on an Atlas V rocket. It left Earth faster than any spacecraft before it, at about 58,500 kilometres per hour. In February 2007 it swung past Jupiter, which sped it up and shortened the journey to Pluto by three years. On 14 July 2015 New Horizons flew past Pluto, about 12,500 kilometres above its surface. Its pictures showed a world that is still active today. Pluto has a hazy atmosphere and a heart-shaped glacier of frozen nitrogen, about 1,000 kilometres wide, the largest known glacier in the solar system. The spacecraft also photographed Charon, Pluto's large moon. Sending all its data home took more than 15 months. On 1 January 2019 New Horizons passed Arrokoth, a small, reddish body about 35 kilometres long, made of two lobes that together look like a flattened snowman. It is the most distant object ever explored up close. New Horizons keeps flying through the Kuiper Belt and studies the space far from the Sun.","de":"New Horizons startete am 19. Januar 2006 mit einer Atlas-V-Rakete. Sie verließ die Erde schneller als jede Raumsonde vor ihr, mit etwa 58.500 Kilometern pro Stunde. Im Februar 2007 holte sie an Jupiter Schwung, was die Reise zu Pluto um drei Jahre verkürzte. Am 14. Juli 2015 flog New Horizons etwa 12.500 Kilometer über Plutos Oberfläche an ihm vorbei. Ihre Bilder zeigten eine Welt, die bis heute aktiv ist. Pluto hat eine dunstige Atmosphäre und einen herzförmigen Gletscher aus gefrorenem Stickstoff, etwa 1.000 Kilometer breit – den größten bekannten Gletscher im Sonnensystem. Die Sonde fotografierte auch Charon, Plutos großen Mond. Bis alle Daten zur Erde gefunkt waren, vergingen mehr als 15 Monate. Am 1. Januar 2019 passierte New Horizons Arrokoth, einen kleinen, rötlichen Körper von etwa 35 Kilometern Länge aus zwei Teilen, die zusammen wie ein flachgedrückter Schneemann aussehen. Es ist das fernste Objekt, das je aus der Nähe erkundet wurde. New Horizons fliegt weiter durch den Kuipergürtel und erforscht den Raum fern der Sonne."},"spacecraft":[{"id":"new-horizons","type":"flyby","trajectory":{"source":"horizons","file":"trajectories/new-horizons.json","coverage":[2210.3277777777776,10220.327777777778],"fetchedAt":"2026-10-24","quality":"measured","requires":["arrokoth"]},"name":"New Horizons"}],"events":[{"date":"2006-01-19T19:00Z","type":"launch","spacecraft":"new-horizons","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Launch from Cape Canaveral","de":"Start in Cape Canaveral"}},{"date":"2007-02-28T05:43Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"new-horizons","body":"jupiter","title":{"en":"Gravity assist at Jupiter","de":"Schwung holen an Jupiter"}},{"date":"2015-07-14T11:48Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"new-horizons","body":"pluto","title":{"en":"First visit to Pluto","de":"Erster Besuch bei Pluto"}},{"date":"2019-01-01T05:33Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"new-horizons","body":"arrokoth","title":{"en":"Flyby of Arrokoth","de":"Vorbeiflug an Arrokoth"}}],"media":[],"links":[{"label":{"en":"NASA mission page","de":"NASA-Missionsseite"},"url":"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/new-horizons/"}],"sources":["https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-001A","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/new-horizons/"],"review":{"en":"draft","de":"draft"}},{"id":"pioneer-10","name":{"en":"Pioneer 10","de":"Pioneer 10"},"tier":"deep-space","detail":"milestone","agencies":["nasa"],"launch":{"date":"1972-03-03","vehicle":"Atlas-Centaur","site":"Cape Canaveral LC-36A"},"end":"2003-01-23","status":"ended","outcome":"success","targets":["jupiter"],"milestone":{"en":"The first spacecraft to fly past Jupiter","de":"Die erste Raumsonde an Jupiter"},"summary":{"en":"Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to cross the asteroid belt and the first to fly past Jupiter, in 1973. Afterwards it kept flying away from the Sun. Its last faint signal reached Earth in 2003; since then it has drifted on in silence.","de":"Pioneer 10 war die erste Raumsonde, die den Asteroidengürtel durchquerte und an Jupiter vorbeiflog, im Jahr 1973. Danach flog sie immer weiter von der Sonne fort. Ihr letztes schwaches Signal erreichte die Erde 2003; seitdem fliegt sie stumm weiter."},"description":{"en":"Pioneer 10 was launched from Cape Canaveral on 3 March 1972, the first spacecraft sent to the outer solar system. In July 1972 it entered the asteroid belt, and it came out of it safely in February 1973. On 4 December 1973 it flew past Jupiter, about 130,000 kilometres above the cloud tops, and took around 500 pictures of the giant planet. Jupiter's strong radiation damaged one of its instruments, but the spacecraft survived. Jupiter's gravity then swung it onto a path that leads out of the solar system. On 13 June 1983 Pioneer 10 crossed the orbit of Neptune, the first human-made object to travel beyond it. Its power came from small nuclear generators whose output slowly faded. Regular contact ended in 1997, and the last signal arrived on 23 January 2003, from more than 12 billion kilometres away. Pioneer 10 carries a plaque that shows a man and a woman and where the Sun is in our galaxy, in case anyone ever finds it.","de":"Pioneer 10 startete am 3. März 1972 in Cape Canaveral – die erste Raumsonde, die ins äußere Sonnensystem geschickt wurde. Im Juli 1972 flog sie in den Asteroidengürtel und verließ ihn im Februar 1973 unbeschadet. Am 4. Dezember 1973 passierte sie Jupiter etwa 130.000 Kilometer über den Wolken und machte rund 500 Bilder des Riesenplaneten. Jupiters starke Strahlung beschädigte eines ihrer Instrumente, doch die Sonde überstand den Vorbeiflug. Jupiters Schwerkraft lenkte sie danach auf eine Bahn, die aus dem Sonnensystem hinausführt. Am 13. Juni 1983 kreuzte Pioneer 10 die Bahn des Neptun – als erstes von Menschen gebautes Objekt jenseits davon. Ihre Energie lieferten kleine nukleare Generatoren, deren Leistung langsam nachließ. Der regelmäßige Kontakt endete 1997, das letzte Signal kam am 23. Januar 2003 aus mehr als 12 Milliarden Kilometern Entfernung. Pioneer 10 trägt eine Plakette, die einen Mann und eine Frau zeigt und wo die Sonne in unserer Milchstraße liegt – für den Fall, dass jemand sie einmal findet."},"spacecraft":[{"id":"pioneer-10","type":"flyby","trajectory":{"source":"horizons","file":"trajectories/pioneer-10.json","coverage":[-10165.413194444445,10204.586805555555],"fetchedAt":"2026-10-24","quality":"measured"},"name":"Pioneer 10"}],"events":[{"date":"1972-03-03T01:49Z","type":"launch","spacecraft":"pioneer-10","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Launch from Cape Canaveral","de":"Start in Cape Canaveral"}},{"date":"1973-12-04T02:25Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"pioneer-10","body":"jupiter","title":{"en":"First flyby of Jupiter","de":"Erster Vorbeiflug an Jupiter"}},{"date":"1997-03-31","type":"end-of-mission","spacecraft":"pioneer-10","title":{"en":"Routine science operations end","de":"Ende des regulären Forschungsbetriebs"}},{"date":"2003-01-23","type":"loss-of-contact","spacecraft":"pioneer-10","title":{"en":"Last signal from Pioneer 10","de":"Letztes Signal von Pioneer 10"}}],"media":[],"links":[{"label":{"en":"NASA mission page","de":"NASA-Missionsseite"},"url":"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-10/"}],"sources":["https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-012A","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-10/"],"review":{"en":"draft","de":"draft"}},{"id":"pioneer-11","name":{"en":"Pioneer 11","de":"Pioneer 11"},"tier":"deep-space","detail":"milestone","agencies":["nasa"],"launch":{"date":"1973-04-06","vehicle":"Atlas-Centaur","site":"Cape Canaveral LC-36B"},"end":"1995-09-30","status":"ended","outcome":"success","targets":["jupiter","saturn"],"milestone":{"en":"The first spacecraft to fly past Saturn","de":"Die erste Raumsonde an Saturn"},"summary":{"en":"Pioneer 11 followed its twin Pioneer 10 to Jupiter and then became the first spacecraft to visit Saturn, in 1979. It discovered a thin new ring around Saturn. Contact ended in 1995, and today it drifts silently out of the solar system.","de":"Pioneer 11 folgte ihrer Zwillingssonde Pioneer 10 zu Jupiter und besuchte 1979 als erste Raumsonde den Saturn. Dort entdeckte sie einen schmalen neuen Ring. Der Kontakt endete 1995; heute treibt sie stumm aus dem Sonnensystem hinaus."},"description":{"en":"Pioneer 11 was launched on 6 April 1973, about a year after its twin Pioneer 10. On 3 December 1974 it passed Jupiter only about 42,500 kilometres above the cloud tops, roughly three times closer than Pioneer 10. Jupiter's gravity then bent its path right across the solar system towards Saturn. On 1 September 1979 Pioneer 11 became the first spacecraft at Saturn. It crossed the plane of the rings just outside them and flew past the planet about 20,900 kilometres above the clouds. It discovered a narrow ring outside the bright main rings, now called the F ring, and a small new moon, and it gave the first clear proof that Saturn has a magnetic field. It also measured how cold Titan, Saturn's largest moon, is: about minus 193 degrees Celsius. Then Pioneer 11 headed out of the solar system, in the opposite direction to its twin. Its nuclear power source faded over the years, and the team made the last contact on 30 September 1995. Like Pioneer 10, it carries a plaque with a message from Earth.","de":"Pioneer 11 startete am 6. April 1973, etwa ein Jahr nach ihrer Zwillingssonde Pioneer 10. Am 3. Dezember 1974 flog sie nur rund 42.500 Kilometer über Jupiters Wolken hinweg, etwa dreimal näher als Pioneer 10. Jupiters Schwerkraft lenkte ihre Bahn danach quer durch das Sonnensystem zum Saturn. Am 1. September 1979 erreichte Pioneer 11 als erste Raumsonde den Saturn. Sie kreuzte die Ringebene knapp außerhalb der Ringe und passierte den Planeten etwa 20.900 Kilometer über den Wolken. Dabei entdeckte sie einen schmalen Ring außerhalb der hellen Hauptringe, den heutigen F-Ring, sowie einen kleinen neuen Mond und lieferte den ersten klaren Nachweis für Saturns Magnetfeld. Außerdem maß sie, wie kalt Titan ist, der größte Saturnmond: etwa minus 193 Grad Celsius. Danach flog Pioneer 11 aus dem Sonnensystem hinaus, in die Gegenrichtung ihrer Zwillingssonde. Ihre nukleare Energiequelle ließ mit den Jahren nach; am 30. September 1995 hatte das Team zum letzten Mal Kontakt. Wie Pioneer 10 trägt sie eine Plakette mit einer Botschaft von der Erde."},"spacecraft":[{"id":"pioneer-11","type":"flyby","trajectory":{"source":"horizons","file":"trajectories/pioneer-11.json","coverage":[-9766.398611111112,10213.601388888888],"fetchedAt":"2026-10-24","quality":"measured"},"name":"Pioneer 11"}],"events":[{"date":"1973-04-06T02:11Z","type":"launch","spacecraft":"pioneer-11","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Launch from Cape Canaveral","de":"Start in Cape Canaveral"}},{"date":"1974-12-03T05:22Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"pioneer-11","body":"jupiter","title":{"en":"Pioneer 11 swings past Jupiter","de":"Pioneer 11 schwingt an Jupiter vorbei"}},{"date":"1979-09-01T16:30Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"pioneer-11","body":"saturn","title":{"en":"First flyby of Saturn","de":"Erster Vorbeiflug an Saturn"}},{"date":"1995-09-30","type":"loss-of-contact","spacecraft":"pioneer-11","title":{"en":"Pioneer 11 falls silent","de":"Pioneer 11 verstummt"}}],"media":[],"links":[{"label":{"en":"NASA mission page","de":"NASA-Missionsseite"},"url":"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-11/"}],"sources":["https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-019A","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/pioneer-11/"],"review":{"en":"draft","de":"draft"}},{"id":"sputnik-1","name":{"en":"Sputnik 1","de":"Sputnik 1"},"tier":"earth-orbit","detail":"milestone","agencies":["ussr"],"launch":{"date":"1957-10-04","vehicle":"Sputnik-PS (modified R-7)","site":"Baikonur, Site 1/5"},"end":"1958-01-04","status":"ended","outcome":"success","targets":["earth"],"milestone":{"en":"The first artificial satellite","de":"Der erste künstliche Satellit"},"summary":{"en":"Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite. The shiny metal ball, just 58 centimetres across, circled the Earth for three months in 1957 and sent out a simple beeping radio signal. It started the space age.","de":"Sputnik 1 war der erste künstliche Satellit. Die glänzende Metallkugel, nur 58 Zentimeter groß, umkreiste 1957 drei Monate lang die Erde und sendete ein einfaches piepsendes Funksignal. Mit ihr begann das Raumfahrtzeitalter."},"description":{"en":"Sputnik 1 was launched from Baikonur on 4 October 1957 by a modified R-7 rocket, the first rocket able to reach orbit. The satellite was a polished metal sphere 58 centimetres across, weighing 83.6 kilograms, with four long whip antennas. It circled the Earth once every 96 minutes, between about 215 and 939 kilometres above the ground, on an orbit tilted 65 degrees to the equator. Its two radio transmitters sent a beeping signal that radio amateurs all over the world could receive. After 22 days, on 26 October 1957, its batteries ran out and the signal stopped. Following its path still taught scientists how dense the upper atmosphere is. The air there slowly braked the satellite, and on 4 January 1958, after about 1,440 orbits, Sputnik 1 fell back and burned up. Its success surprised the world and started the space race between the Soviet Union and the United States.","de":"Sputnik 1 startete am 4. Oktober 1957 in Baikonur mit einer abgewandelten R-7-Rakete, der ersten Rakete, die eine Umlaufbahn erreichen konnte. Der Satellit war eine polierte Metallkugel mit 58 Zentimetern Durchmesser und 83,6 Kilogramm Masse, mit vier langen Stabantennen. Er umrundete die Erde alle 96 Minuten, etwa 215 bis 939 Kilometer über dem Boden, auf einer Bahn, die um 65 Grad gegen den Äquator geneigt war. Seine beiden Funksender schickten ein piepsendes Signal, das Funkamateure auf der ganzen Welt empfangen konnten. Nach 22 Tagen, am 26. Oktober 1957, waren die Batterien leer und das Signal verstummte. Aus seiner Bahn lernten die Forschenden trotzdem, wie dicht die obere Atmosphäre ist. Die dünne Luft dort bremste den Satelliten langsam ab, und am 4. Januar 1958 stürzte Sputnik 1 nach etwa 1.440 Umläufen zurück und verglühte. Sein Erfolg überraschte die Welt und löste den Wettlauf ins All zwischen der Sowjetunion und den USA aus."},"spacecraft":[{"id":"sputnik-1","type":"orbiter","trajectory":{"source":"none"},"name":"Sputnik 1","symbolicOrbit":{"perigee":215,"apogee":939,"inclination":65.1,"period":96.2}}],"events":[{"date":"1957-10-04T19:28Z","type":"launch","spacecraft":"sputnik-1","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Sputnik 1: the first satellite","de":"Sputnik 1: der erste Satellit"}},{"date":"1957-10-26","type":"loss-of-contact","spacecraft":"sputnik-1","title":{"en":"Sputnik 1's batteries run out","de":"Sputniks Batterien sind leer"}},{"date":"1958-01-04","type":"end-of-mission","spacecraft":"sputnik-1","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Sputnik 1 burns up in the atmosphere","de":"Sputnik 1 verglüht in der Atmosphäre"}}],"media":[],"links":[],"sources":["https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-001B","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1"],"review":{"en":"draft","de":"draft"}},{"id":"vostok-1","name":{"en":"Vostok 1","de":"Wostok 1"},"tier":"earth-orbit","detail":"milestone","agencies":["ussr"],"launch":{"date":"1961-04-12","vehicle":"Vostok-K","site":"Baikonur, Site 1/5"},"end":"1961-04-12T08:05Z","status":"ended","outcome":"success","targets":["earth"],"milestone":{"en":"The first human in space","de":"Der erste Mensch im All"},"summary":{"en":"On Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin became the first human to fly into space. On 12 April 1961 he circled the Earth once in about 108 minutes and landed safely by parachute.","de":"Mit Wostok 1 flog Juri Gagarin als erster Mensch ins All. Am 12. April 1961 umrundete er die Erde einmal in etwa 108 Minuten und landete sicher am Fallschirm."},"description":{"en":"Vostok 1 was launched from Baikonur on 12 April 1961 at 06:07 UTC. On board the spherical capsule was the only crew member, the cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. The Vostok-K rocket put him into an orbit between about 181 and 327 kilometres above the Earth, tilted 65 degrees to the equator. One trip around the planet took about 89 minutes. After a single orbit the capsule fired its braking engine and fell back into the atmosphere. About seven kilometres above the ground Gagarin left the capsule, as planned, and came down by parachute; the capsule landed separately on its own parachute. He touched down near Engels in the Saratov region about 108 minutes after launch. Gagarin became the first person to orbit the Earth and a hero around the world. Today the United Nations mark 12 April as the International Day of Human Space Flight.","de":"Wostok 1 startete am 12. April 1961 um 06:07 UTC in Baikonur. In der kugelförmigen Kapsel saß das einzige Besatzungsmitglied, der Kosmonaut Juri Gagarin. Die Wostok-K-Rakete brachte ihn auf eine Umlaufbahn etwa 181 bis 327 Kilometer über der Erde, um 65 Grad gegen den Äquator geneigt. Eine Runde um den Planeten dauerte etwa 89 Minuten. Nach einer einzigen Umrundung zündete die Kapsel ihr Bremstriebwerk und trat wieder in die Atmosphäre ein. Etwa sieben Kilometer über dem Boden verließ Gagarin wie geplant die Kapsel und schwebte am Fallschirm hinunter; die Kapsel landete getrennt an ihrem eigenen Fallschirm. Er landete etwa 108 Minuten nach dem Start bei Engels in der Region Saratow. Gagarin war der erste Mensch, der die Erde umkreiste, und wurde weltweit gefeiert. Heute ist der 12. April der Internationale Tag der bemannten Raumfahrt der Vereinten Nationen."},"spacecraft":[{"id":"vostok-1","type":"crewed","trajectory":{"source":"none"},"name":"Vostok 1","symbolicOrbit":{"perigee":181,"apogee":327,"inclination":64.95,"period":89.1}}],"events":[{"date":"1961-04-12T06:07Z","type":"launch","spacecraft":"vostok-1","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Gagarin: the first human in space","de":"Gagarin: der erste Mensch im All"}},{"date":"1961-04-12T08:05Z","type":"landing","spacecraft":"vostok-1","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Gagarin lands by parachute","de":"Gagarin landet am Fallschirm"}}],"media":[],"links":[],"sources":["https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-012A","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_1"],"review":{"en":"draft","de":"draft"}},{"id":"voyager-1","name":{"en":"Voyager 1","de":"Voyager 1"},"tier":"deep-space","detail":"milestone","agencies":["nasa"],"launch":{"date":"1977-09-05","vehicle":"Titan IIIE/Centaur","site":"Cape Canaveral LC-41"},"end":null,"status":"active","outcome":"success","targets":["jupiter","saturn","titan"],"milestone":{"en":"The first spacecraft in interstellar space","de":"Die erste Raumsonde im interstellaren Raum"},"summary":{"en":"Voyager 1 flew past Jupiter and Saturn and took a close look at Saturn's moon Titan. In 2012 it became the first spacecraft to reach interstellar space, and it is the most distant object ever built by humans.","de":"Voyager 1 flog an Jupiter und Saturn vorbei und sah sich den Saturnmond Titan aus der Nähe an. 2012 erreichte sie als erste Raumsonde den interstellaren Raum. Sie ist das am weitesten entfernte Objekt, das Menschen je gebaut haben."},"description":{"en":"Voyager 1 was launched on 5 September 1977, sixteen days after its twin Voyager 2, but on a faster path, so it reached the giant planets first. On 5 March 1979 it flew past Jupiter. It discovered a faint ring around the planet and two small moons, Thebe and Metis, and passed close to the moon Io. On 12 November 1980 it reached Saturn, where it found five new moons and a new ring. Hours before its closest approach to Saturn it flew past Titan, Saturn's largest moon, at about 6,600 kilometres from its centre. On 14 February 1990 Voyager 1 looked back and took a 'family portrait' of the Sun and six planets, which includes the famous 'Pale Blue Dot' picture of Earth. In 1998 it overtook Pioneer 10 and became the most distant human-made object. In August 2012 it left the heliosphere, the bubble of the Sun's wind, and entered interstellar space. Like its twin, Voyager 1 carries the Golden Record, a disc with greetings, sounds, music and pictures from Earth.","de":"Voyager 1 startete am 5. September 1977, sechzehn Tage nach ihrer Zwillingssonde Voyager 2, aber auf einer schnelleren Bahn – deshalb erreichte sie die Riesenplaneten zuerst. Am 5. März 1979 flog sie an Jupiter vorbei. Sie entdeckte einen schwachen Ring um den Planeten und die beiden kleinen Monde Thebe und Metis und kam dem Mond Io nahe. Am 12. November 1980 erreichte sie Saturn und fand dort fünf neue Monde und einen neuen Ring. Wenige Stunden vor ihrer größten Annäherung an Saturn flog sie an Titan vorbei, dem größten Saturnmond, etwa 6.600 Kilometer von seinem Mittelpunkt entfernt. Am 14. Februar 1990 blickte Voyager 1 zurück und machte ein „Familienporträt“ der Sonne und von sechs Planeten, darunter das berühmte Bild „Pale Blue Dot“ der Erde. 1998 überholte sie Pioneer 10 und wurde zum am weitesten entfernten Objekt der Menschheit. Im August 2012 verließ sie die Heliosphäre, die Blase des Sonnenwinds, und erreichte den interstellaren Raum. Wie ihr Zwilling trägt Voyager 1 die Golden Record, eine Platte mit Grüßen, Klängen, Musik und Bildern von der Erde."},"spacecraft":[{"id":"voyager-1","type":"flyby","trajectory":{"source":"horizons","file":"trajectories/voyager-1.json","coverage":[-8152.916666666667,10207.083333333334],"fetchedAt":"2026-10-24","quality":"measured"},"name":"Voyager 1"}],"events":[{"date":"1977-09-05T12:56Z","type":"launch","spacecraft":"voyager-1","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Launch from Cape Canaveral","de":"Start in Cape Canaveral"}},{"date":"1979-03-05T12:05Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"voyager-1","body":"jupiter","title":{"en":"Voyager 1 flies past Jupiter","de":"Voyager 1 fliegt an Jupiter vorbei"}},{"date":"1979-03-05T15:13Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"voyager-1","body":"io","title":{"en":"Close look at the volcanic moon Io","de":"Nahblick auf den Vulkanmond Io"}},{"date":"1980-11-12T05:40Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"voyager-1","body":"titan","title":{"en":"Close flyby of Titan","de":"Naher Vorbeiflug an Titan"}},{"date":"1980-11-12T23:46Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"voyager-1","body":"saturn","title":{"en":"Voyager 1 flies past Saturn","de":"Voyager 1 fliegt an Saturn vorbei"}},{"date":"1990-02-14","type":"discovery","spacecraft":"voyager-1","title":{"en":"The 'Pale Blue Dot' family portrait","de":"Das Familienporträt mit dem „Pale Blue Dot“"}},{"date":"1998-02-17","type":"crossing","spacecraft":"voyager-1","title":{"en":"The most distant human-made object","de":"Das am weitesten entfernte Objekt der Menschheit"}},{"date":"2004-12-16","type":"crossing","spacecraft":"voyager-1","title":{"en":"Voyager 1 crosses the termination shock","de":"Voyager 1 durchquert die Termination Shock"}},{"date":"2012-08-25","type":"crossing","spacecraft":"voyager-1","title":{"en":"Voyager 1 enters interstellar space","de":"Voyager 1 erreicht den interstellaren Raum"}}],"media":[],"links":[{"label":{"en":"NASA mission page","de":"NASA-Missionsseite"},"url":"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/voyager-1/"}],"sources":["https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-084A","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/voyager-1/"],"review":{"en":"draft","de":"draft"}},{"id":"voyager-2","name":{"en":"Voyager 2","de":"Voyager 2"},"tier":"deep-space","detail":"milestone","agencies":["nasa"],"launch":{"date":"1977-08-20","vehicle":"Titan IIIE/Centaur","site":"Cape Canaveral LC-41"},"end":null,"status":"active","outcome":"success","targets":["jupiter","saturn","uranus","neptune"],"milestone":{"en":"The only spacecraft to visit Uranus and Neptune","de":"Die einzige Raumsonde, die Uranus und Neptun besucht hat"},"summary":{"en":"Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has flown past all four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. It was launched in 1977 and is still sending signals home from interstellar space, more than 20 billion kilometres away.","de":"Voyager 2 ist die einzige Raumsonde, die an allen vier Riesenplaneten vorbeigeflogen ist: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus und Neptun. Sie startete 1977 und funkt bis heute aus dem interstellaren Raum nach Hause – aus mehr als 20 Milliarden Kilometern Entfernung."},"description":{"en":"Voyager 2 lifted off on 20 August 1977, sixteen days before its twin Voyager 1. A rare alignment of the outer planets allowed it to use each planet's gravity to swing on to the next one. It passed Jupiter in July 1979 and Saturn in August 1981. Then the mission was extended: in January 1986 Voyager 2 became the first spacecraft at Uranus, and in August 1989 the first at Neptune, where it skimmed over the planet's north pole and found the Great Dark Spot. To this day these are the only close-up visits to the two ice giants. In November 2018, Voyager 2 crossed the heliopause, the boundary of the Sun's bubble of solar wind, and entered interstellar space. Like its twin it carries the Golden Record, a message from Earth with sounds and images. Its nuclear power source is slowly fading, so the team switches off instruments one by one to keep the spacecraft alive as long as possible.","de":"Voyager 2 startete am 20. August 1977, sechzehn Tage vor ihrer Zwillingssonde Voyager 1. Eine seltene Stellung der äußeren Planeten erlaubte es, mit der Schwerkraft jedes Planeten zum nächsten weiterzuschwingen. Im Juli 1979 flog sie an Jupiter vorbei, im August 1981 an Saturn. Dann wurde die Mission verlängert: Im Januar 1986 erreichte Voyager 2 als erste Raumsonde Uranus und im August 1989 als erste Neptun, wo sie dicht über den Nordpol des Planeten flog und den Großen Dunklen Fleck entdeckte. Bis heute sind das die einzigen Besuche aus der Nähe bei den beiden Eisriesen. Im November 2018 durchquerte Voyager 2 die Heliopause, die Grenze der Sonnenwind-Blase der Sonne, und erreichte den interstellaren Raum. Wie ihr Zwilling trägt sie die Golden Record, eine Botschaft der Erde mit Klängen und Bildern. Ihre nukleare Energiequelle lässt langsam nach, deshalb schaltet das Team ein Instrument nach dem anderen ab, um die Sonde so lange wie möglich am Leben zu halten."},"spacecraft":[{"id":"voyager-2","type":"flyby","trajectory":{"source":"horizons","file":"trajectories/voyager-2.json","coverage":[-8168.852083333333,10221.147916666667],"fetchedAt":"2026-10-24","quality":"measured"},"name":"Voyager 2"}],"events":[{"date":"1977-08-20T14:29Z","type":"launch","spacecraft":"voyager-2","body":"earth","title":{"en":"Launch from Cape Canaveral","de":"Start in Cape Canaveral"}},{"date":"1979-07-09T22:29Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"voyager-2","body":"jupiter","title":{"en":"Voyager 2 flies past Jupiter","de":"Voyager 2 fliegt an Jupiter vorbei"}},{"date":"1981-08-26T03:24Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"voyager-2","body":"saturn","title":{"en":"Voyager 2 flies past Saturn","de":"Voyager 2 fliegt an Saturn vorbei"}},{"date":"1986-01-24T17:59Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"voyager-2","body":"uranus","title":{"en":"First visit to Uranus","de":"Erster Besuch bei Uranus"}},{"date":"1989-08-25T03:56Z","type":"flyby","spacecraft":"voyager-2","body":"neptune","title":{"en":"First visit to Neptune","de":"Erster Besuch bei Neptun"}},{"date":"2018-11-05","type":"crossing","spacecraft":"voyager-2","title":{"en":"Voyager 2 enters interstellar space","de":"Voyager 2 erreicht den interstellaren Raum"}}],"media":[],"links":[{"label":{"en":"NASA mission page","de":"NASA-Missionsseite"},"url":"https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/"}],"sources":["https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-076A","https://science.nasa.gov/mission/voyager/"],"review":{"en":"draft","de":"draft"}}],"agencies":[{"id":"nasa","name":{"en":"NASA","de":"NASA"},"country":"US","color":"#4c8dff"},{"id":"esa","name":{"en":"ESA","de":"ESA"},"country":"EU","color":"#3fc7d4"},{"id":"asi","name":{"en":"ASI (Italian Space Agency)","de":"ASI (Italienische Raumfahrtagentur)"},"country":"IT","color":"#7fcf6b"},{"id":"ussr","name":{"en":"Soviet space programme","de":"Sowjetisches Raumfahrtprogramm"},"country":"SU","color":"#e8604c"}]}